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Fritchley Tunnel
Fritchley Tunnel is a disused railway tunnel at Fritchley in Derbyshire, England, which is believed to be the oldest surviving example in the world.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Archaeologists find 'world's oldest railway tunnel' in Derbyshire )〕 The tunnel was constructed in 1793 by Benjamin Outram as part of the Butterley Gangroad, altered in the 1840s, and remained in use until the railway closed in 1933. It is a scheduled monument.
==History==
Butterley Gangroad linked Hilt's Quarry and other limestone quarries at Crich with the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge.〔〔 The first railway project of Derbyshire civil engineer Benjamin Outram (1764–1805), the line was originally a horse-drawn and gravity-driven plateway, a form of tramway that Outram popularised.〔〔 The line was constructed in 1793, with the tunnel being required to go under a road junction in Fritchley. In the 1840s, upgrading took place to accommodate steam locomotives, and part of the original line was moved. The southern part of the tunnel was rebuilt with an entrance slightly to the west of the original one. The tunnel's walls bear evidence of these changes. The railway remained in use until 1933.〔
During World War II, Fritchley Tunnel was used as an air raid shelter.〔 The tunnel was sealed up in 1977,〔 and by 1989 both entrances were buried.〔 It was temporarily uncovered during archaeological work on the Butterley Gangroad by Derbyshire Archaeological Society in February 2013.〔〔〔 In February 2015, the tunnel was designated a scheduled monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Fritchley Tunnel, Butterley Gangroad )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title='World's oldest railway tunnel' awarded protected status )〕 The designation states that the tunnel is "recognised as the earliest surviving railway tunnel in the world and an important representation of tunnel engineering at this time."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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